Football History

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February 19, 1917, Illinois Head Coach Bob Zuppke released his new concept of football helmet innovation. These new-fangled head protectors were called Zuppke Helmets, or ZH for short.

The Helmets are manufactured using interior padding of suspended leather straps and ear hole cutouts.

The ZH's revolutionary design cradled the skull within the helmet, replacing the former foam shell. Fabric straps crisscrossed the interior, absorbing and distributing impact more effectively while allowing for improved ventilation. The suspension innovation acted as a shock absorber to lessen the blow of effects. Companies like Rawlings and Spalding manufactured this breakthrough invention. It was famously worn by Zuppke's star player Red Grange and others.

Though suspension straps are no longer used in modern football helmets, Zuppke's design has stood as a standard application for almost six decades.

The concept is still an integral part of some construction hard hats and other safety headgear, leading it to stand the test of time.

For the uninitiated, navigating the vibrant tapestry of Georgia Bulldogs football history can be daunting. Worry not, Dawg-to-be! This guide will equip you with the essential knowledge to join the chorus of "Hail to the Howling Red" with confidence.

Early Era Glory: Don your vintage sweater vest and travel back to 1892, where it all began. Witness the Dawgs claim their first victory over Mercer, igniting a rivalry that would span generations. Immerse yourself in the "Golden Era" (1930s-60s), where legends like Frank Sinkwich and Charley Trippi redefined the game with the "I-formation" offense and secured four national titles for Georgia.

Rivalries and Reboots: Fast forward to the 70s-90s, where legendary clashes with Florida and Auburn took center stage. Brace yourself for nail-biting finishes like the "Miracle in Jacksonville" (1990) and the "Hobnail Alley" (1980). Savor the Heisman wins of Hershel Walker (1982) and Terrell Davis (1992), reminders of Georgia's offensive prowess.

Modern Triumphs: Enter the Kirby Smart era (2016-present), a chapter marked by a renewed focus on discipline and excellence. Celebrate the end of the 41-year national championship drought in 2021, a victory tinged with the sweet tears of generations of Dawg fans. Witness the historic back-to-back championship feat in 2022, solidifying Georgia's return to the top of college football.

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Choosing the "best" in a program as storied as Georgia Bulldogs football is a delectable dilemma. Yet, a few seasons soar above the rest, shimmering with championship gold, iconic plays, and the unyielding spirit of the Dawg Nation.

Undeniably, 1980 shines brightest. An unblemished 12-0 record, culminating in a Sugar Bowl victory over Notre Dame, solidified Georgia's claim as national champions. "Run, Lindsay, Run" against Florida etched itself in history, exemplifying the Dawgs' grit and audacity. Herschel Walker's Heisman Trophy two years later added another jewel to this golden season.

1942 stands tall, too. Frank Sinkwich, Georgia's first Heisman winner, led the Dawgs to their first Rose Bowl and a shared national championship. This season marked the program's arrival on the national stage, proving the South could play championship-caliber football.

But greatness isn't always defined by trophies. 2021 and 2022 witnessed a modern dynasty unfold. Under Kirby Smart's steely leadership, the Dawgs devoured opponents with a "Junkyard Dawg" defense and explosive offense. Back-to-back national championships affirmed Georgia's return to the pinnacle, a testament to unwavering belief and relentless pursuit of excellence.

Ole Miss football has a rich history dating back to 1893, and with that history comes a select group of players whose contributions stand out above the rest. As of today, December 28, 2023, four jersey numbers have been officially retired:

18 - Archie Manning (1968-1970): "The Golden Boy" revolutionized Ole Miss and the SEC with his passing prowess. He led the Rebels to two bowl appearances and holds numerous school records. His legacy as a leader and talent cemented his number's retirement in 1971.

38 - Chucky Mullins (1989-1990): This inspirational figure not only excelled on the field but also persevered through a life-changing injury. After a devastating paralysis in 1989, Mullins returned to school and became a motivational speaker, leaving a lasting impact on the community. His number was retired in 1992.

10 - Eli Manning (2000-2003): Archie's son followed in his footsteps, leading the Rebels to their first SEC Championship in 33 years and winning the Mackey Award as the nation's top quarterback. His success and legacy within the Manning family solidified his number's retirement in 2014.

74 - Ben Williams (1972-1975): In 2022, Ole Miss made history by retiring the number of Ben Williams, the first black player to ever play in a varsity game for the program. His courage and talent paved the way for future generations and earned him this prestigious honor.

It's important to note that other iconic players, like Charlie Conerly and Archie Moore, were honored posthumously and have their numbers permanently displayed in the stadium but are not technically retired.

In the annals of college football history, few nicknames evoke such a sense of power and resilience as the "Seven Blocks of Granite." This moniker belonged to the legendary offensive line of the 1936 Fordham Rams, a unit that remains synonymous with dominance and paved the way for a near-perfect season.

The nickname wasn't a coincidence. Composed of seven exceptional linemen – Leo Paquin, Johnny Druze, Alex Wojciechowicz, Ed Franco, Al Babartsky, Mike Kochel, and Harry Jacunski – this group embodied toughness and technical brilliance. They weren't just big; they were disciplined, coordinated, and possessed a fierce competitive spirit instilled by head coach Jim Crowley and line coach Frank Leahy, both NFL coaching legends themselves.

The "Seven Blocks of Granite" revolutionized the way the offensive line operated in the single-platoon era of college football. They played both offense and defense, a testament to their incredible stamina and versatility. Their primary function was to clear running lanes for the Fordham backfield, a task they accomplished with brutal efficiency. The backs enjoyed the luxury of running behind an impenetrable wall, allowing them to rack up points at will.

The 1936 season was a masterclass in offensive dominance. The "Seven Blocks of Granite" shut down opposing pass rushes and paved the way for a relentless rushing attack. Fordham averaged over 128 points per game, a staggering number in that era. They shut out three opponents and outscored their adversaries by a margin of 128-33, a testament to their offensive and defensive prowess.

While the Rams finished the season undefeated and ranked number one, a heartbreaking loss to NYU in the final game dashed their Rose Bowl dreams. However, the legacy of the "Seven Blocks of Granite" transcended wins and losses. Their dominance redefined the role of the offensive line, showcasing its importance in establishing a dominant running game.

The "Seven Blocks of Granite" story extends beyond statistics and on-field achievements. They produced two College Football Hall of Famers and two Pro Football Hall of Famers, including the legendary Vince Lombardi, whose own coaching philosophy was undeniably influenced by his experiences playing behind this dominant line.

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The Tumultuous 1939 College Football Season: Undefeated Champions and Surprising Twists

Despite lacking a universally recognized national champion, the 1939 college football season was anything but uneventful. It was a year marked by unexpected twists, dominant teams, and individual brilliance, impacting the sport's history.

A Season of Upsets and Contenders:

Pre-season favorites like Pitt and Notre Dame suffered surprising losses early in the season, shaking up the national landscape. Even the previous year's highly ranked team, TCU, lost at UCLA, 6–2, on September 29, spiraling the Horned Frogs to a losing season. The year saw the emergence of several strong contenders, including Tulane, Cornell, and Tennessee, all vying for the top spot.

The University of Tennessee's Volunteers completed a regular-season campaign of 10-0 and garnered an invitation to the Rose Bowl. The Vols were the defending national champions, and their run through the schedule in 1939 may have outdone the efforts of 1938. The 1939 Vols version is the last team in NCAA history to go undefeated, untied, and unscored upon in the regular season. Under Coach Robert Neyland's guidance, the team completed what would be their second of three consecutive undefeated regular seasons.

The USC Trojans still have their stalwart Coach Howard Jones, now in his fifteenth season. Southern Cal sported stars such as future College Football Hall of Fame inductee guard Harry Smith, who in '39 was a consensus first-team pick. Quarterback Grenny Lansdell was also an All-American lauded by a few publications. Southern Cal suffered a couple of regular season ties against rivals Oregon and UCLA but still bested the others on the West Coast to have the honor of attending the Rose Bowl.

USC emerged victorious in the Rose Bowl against a talented Tennessee team, boasting a solid defense. The Trojans blanked the Number 3 Vols 14-0 to finish 8-0-2 on the year.

The Big Red of Cornell University finished 8–0 and, per the Litkenhous System, were selected as the National Champions. The Big Red was also retroactively chosen as co-national champion in the Sagarin Ratings. Coach Carl Snavely's squad was invited to the 1940 Rose Bowl but declined the bid for academic reasons, as they wanted their players to catch up on their schoolwork after a long season.

Cornell's freshman team included a future College Football Hall of Fame tackle, Nick Drahos. Drahos was a consensus first-team selection on the 1939 All-America college football team and was inducted into the Hall in 1981.

Texas A&M Emerges Victorious:

The season culminated with the Texas A&M Aggies, led by consensus All-American fullback John Kimbrough, claiming the Associated Press (AP) national championship title. Their undefeated season, featuring a dominant win over a highly-ranked Tulane team 14-13 in the Sugar Bowl, has solidified their place as the top team in the eyes of many voters. The A&M squad went 11–0 and outscored their opponents by a combined total of 212 to 31.

The 1939 Texas A&M College Football team etched their name in history as one of the most dominant teams of their era. Led by a strong defense and a prolific offense, the Aggies marched through the season undefeated, culminating in a national championship victory.

Building a Dynasty Under Homer Norton:

This pinnacle of success wasn't a coincidence. Under the guidance of head coach Homer Norton, who entered his sixth year at the helm, the Aggies had been steadily building a winning culture. Norton's emphasis on discipline, teamwork, and a solid running game laid the foundation for the team's dominance.

A Season of Perfection: Shutouts and Offensive Exploits

The 1939 season was a masterclass in both defensive prowess and offensive efficiency. The Aggies boasted one of the nation's stingiest defenses, allowing a meager 1.6 points per game and shutting out six of their eleven opponents. This defensive dominance was anchored by a talented line led by tackle Joe Boyd, who served as team captain.
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Other Notable Teams and Performances:

Despite not being crowned national champions, several other teams had remarkable seasons. Iowa, led by Heisman Trophy winner Nile Kinnick, finished with an impressive 6-1-1 record.

A Season of Controversy:

The lack of a unified governing body to declare a national champion in 1939 fueled the debate and controversy surrounding the top teams. This highlighted the need for a more centralized system to determine a definitive winner, ultimately leading to the Bowl Championship Series (BCS) creation in the late 1990s.

A Pivotal Year for College Football:

Despite the lack of undisputed champions, the 1939 season was pivotal for college football. It showcased the sport's increasing depth and competitiveness, with multiple teams vying for national relevance. Additionally, it paved the way for future discussions and advancements in determining a national champion, shaping the landscape of college football as we know it today.

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The 1941 college football season unfolded under a dark cloud. While teams across the nation battled for gridiron glory, the world was on the precipice of war. This essay delves into a season marked by exceptional players, thrilling matchups, and an uncertain future.

Dominant Teams and Fierce Rivalries:

Multiple teams rose above the rest in 1941. The best may have been the University of Minnesota Golden Gophers. Minnesota, led by the Heisman Trophy-winning quarterback Bruce Smith, boasted an undefeated record (8-0) and a suffocating defense directed by head coach Bernie Bierman. The Gophers survived competitive games against Washington (14-6), Michigan (7-0), and Northwestern (8-7). Minnesota was ranked Number one in the AP poll and was a unanimous choice for the retroactive selectors to be the nation's Top Team of '41.

Texas, under the guidance of legendary coach Dana X. Bible, also enjoyed a winning season with a potent offense led by All-Americans: Malcolm Kutner (end), Guard Chal Daniel, Halfback Jack Crain, and Pete Layden at fullback. The Longhorns finished with an 8-1-1 campaign, their sole setback a 7-14 loss to TCU just before Thanksgiving.

Many considered these two teams, representing the Big Ten and Southwest Conferences, respectively, top contenders. Still, they were not alone in the ranks of the best in the nation.

Other contenders included the mighty Duke Blue Devils, who finished the regular season undefeated. Legendary head coach Wallace Wade led the team in his 11th season with the program.

Also at the top of the AP poll was the ever-present powerhouse Notre Dame Fighting Irish, under the first-year coach Frank Leahy, who took the Irish to an 8–0–1 record, as they outscored opponents by 189 to 64. They had a rising star in Quarterback Angelo Bertelli, who would eventually take home a significant award a few seasons later. The Irish stalemate with a 5-3-1 Army team at Yankee Stadium prevented ND from taking any claim to the mythical National title.

Grandaddy Flips Coasts

After the Japanese attacked Pearl Harbor, thrusting America into World War II depicts this notion. With the threat of a Japanese attack on the West Coast of the US, the Government decided to ask the Rose Bowl not to play in Pasadena. By December 16, Duke University invited the game and Oregon State to Duke's home stadium in Durham, North Carolina; after all, Western sites, such as Oregon, were eliminated as locations for the Rose Bowl Game to be played. Oregon accepted, and for the first time, the "Grand-daddy of them All" would be played in a place other than Pasadena, California.

In the heated contest, the Beavers rallied to score 13 points in the third quarter. Duke responded with another TD and a fourth-quarter safety to round out the final score of Oregon State 20, Duke 16. Those 16 points were the season's first ones the Beavers' opponents scored.

Other Bowl Games

Orange Bowl Miami, Fla.
1942
01/01/43
Alabama
37
Boston College
21

Sugar Bowl New Orleans, La.
1942
01/01/43
Tennessee
14
Tulsa
7

Cotton Bowl Dallas, Tex.
1942
01/01/43
Texas
14
Georgia Tech
7

Sun Bowl El Paso, Tex.
1942
01/01/43
Second Air Force
13
Hardin-Simmons
7

Summary of the Top Player Accolades{/b]

-Heisman Trophy: halfback Bruce Smith Minnesota. ,

-Maxwell Award: halfback Bill Dudley Virginia.

-Leading Rusher: Frank Sinkwich of Georgia with 1,103 rushing yards.

- Passing Leader: Bud Schwenk of Washington University in St. Louis with 1,457 passing yards,

-Leading Receiver: Hank Stanton of Arizona with 820 receiving yards.

-Top Scorer: Bill Dudley with 134 points.

[b]A Season of Change:

The events of December 7, 1941, with Japan's attack on Pearl Harbor, forever altered the landscape of American life, including college athletics. Many players soon enlisted in the military, putting their football careers on hold. The nation's focus shifted from the gridiron to the battlefields abroad. The 1941 college football season, despite its outstanding talent and thrilling matchups, would be remembered as a season overshadowed by the looming world war.

The legacy of the 1941 college football season lies not just in the exceptional players and undefeated teams but also in the context of a nation on the brink of war. It reminds us of the power of sports to bring people together, even during uncertain times. The 1941 college football season was a brief national pride and athletic excellence moment before the world stage took a dramatic turn.

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In this edition of the Football History Rewind series, part 29, we examine the rules changes and the 1911 season. This was the final season of old-time football before bigger changes.

Football at the end of 1910

The History of Football year-by-year series in the last few editions has just journeyed through one of the most radical rules revision periods of the game's history in 1910. The Game of 1910 was much different because of these rules changes than a few years earlier. From our twentieth-century perspective, the rules more closely resemble what we are familiar with with the football game in 1910, whereas the rules of 1900 would lead one to believe it was a different sport altogether. It was a different game!

Items such as the forward pass, seven men on the line of scrimmage before the snap, and tackling rules took the game from a brutal battering ram of humanity thrust into a wall of flesh to a strategic game where individuals could make a difference. However, the concept of working as a team was still prevalent. The coming years after the year of significant revision would have coaches and players exploring the new rules and ideas. They would open the door for new strategies and philosophies on the gridiron. The rules makers would make their tweaks to the latest regulations as well as experiment to make the game safer for participants while at the same time trying to keep the playing field level for both sides of the ball and keep the fans interested in the spectacle of the sport.
New strategies?
The 1910 rules revisions shocked the coaches that first year, for only one truly new concept was introduced that season. The University of Minnesota and its coach, H.L. Williams ( a Yale product), were the only ones brave enough to tread out into the unknown waters of change. All other teams stayed with what they knew and had performed before, but many had to adapt these old standards to conform to the legality of the rules.

Minnesota's Williams tried a new concept where he would not show the look of his formation until just before the snap. Under this strategy, Minnesota's offense would gather around the line of scrimmage but not be in certain positions or formations. Then, just before the snap, the players would leap into their proper positions, creating a legal formation, and snap the ball. Defenses never knew what they would get coming at them until the ball was snapped! The defenders never had a chance to shift to match the offensive formations due to this masking of the offensive formation. The new concept was fondly called the Minnesota Shift.
Results of change
What was important to those inside and outside of football's inner ring was whether the safety of the players increased due to the rule changes or if it was still the same bloody game it was prior. Statistics from the 1910 season proved that injuries in the game of football were drastically reduced, and the new rules were the factor that caused this decrease! The public outcry against the game's brutality had been quieted.
At the same time, the critics of football who did not want change because they felt the game would become dull and uninteresting to spectators were silenced as well because the games were still exciting and entertaining to the masses. The rules makers could not have hoped for better results! They and their innovations had probably saved the game!
1911, the tweaking begins
The men who met and made the rules did not sit on their hands, though, in the next year. On the contrary, they kept at the drawing board to revise the rules further and enhance the game to new levels. The biggest change to the rules in 1911 had to do with the forward pass aspect of the sport.

The forward pass was still only a few years old at this point in history, and it was used less due to the risk versus rewards factor. The risk was that a pass not caught was treated the same as a fumble and almost invariably was a turnover. Coaches were afraid to use the pass in their game plans as a regular play because of the risk of losing possession of the ball. The forward pass held the status of what today we call a gadget play. It was used mainly by offenses as a surprise tactic or one of desperation.
The rules makers decided to change this characteristic of the forward pass because most wanted to see it become a standard weapon in an offensive's arsenal. The "fumble" aspect of the dropped passes also provided roughness, which the rules committee wanted removed from the game. In the spring meetings of 1911, the rule committee changed the rules of a dropped or incomplete forward pass that hit the ground to be a dead ball. The incomplete pass was born!
The Season of 1911
This season was the last era of old rules, as we will see in the major reforms of the 1912 rules body. With that, a big group of teams went undefeated. Navy finished with a record of 6–0–3. An excellent record indeed as two of the Midshipmen ties were scoreless games with the other top unbeaten teams, Penn State, who sported an 8–0–1 ledger, and Princeton, who recorded an 8–0–2 mark themselves. Other unbeaten teams that finished the season were Florida at 5–0–1 and Minnesota at 6–0–1. The Helms Athletic Foundation, established years later in 1936, declared retroactively that Princeton had been the best team of 1911, and the Tigers were recognized as the National Champions.
On the professional circuit, the Shelby Blues once again captured the Ohio State title in football by knocking off the Akron Indians twice. They won the title in their season-ending victory against the up-and-coming Canton Professionals. You can learn more about the Blues in a post and podcast we did a few months back titled The Shelby Blues.
The forward passing rules still had some ways to go through, and more progress would be made in 1912 in that respect. Please look back to the next edition of Football History Rewind, part 30, in which we will examine how the 1912 revisions would make their mark on the game we love.
Photo Credits
The photograph in the banner above is courtesy of the Wikimedia Commons collection of public domain pictures. It is a cropped version of the Pomona College football team, 1911. First published in the 1911 Metate yearbook of Pomona College and taken by an Unknown.

Imagine, if you will, a time before television broadcasts brought the gridiron into living rooms. A time when news of college football battles traveled by crackling radio waves and grainy newspaper headlines. This was the 1931 college football season, an era etched in leather helmets and sepia-toned memories, where legends were forged and dynasties born.

Epic Battles and Unforgettable Rivalries:

From the muddy trenches of the Midwest to the sun-drenched fields of the South, rivalries crackled with electric intensity. Michigan and Ohio State waged their annual war for Big Ten supremacy, while Alabama and Tennessee clashed in a battle for Dixie bragging rights. Each game was a microcosm of human drama, unfolding in mud, sweat, and tears, etched forever in the annals of gridiron history.

A Season of Firsts and Controversies:

The 1931 season also saw its share of firsts and controversies. The inaugural Rose Bowl game between California and Texas Christian University marked the beginning of a tradition that would become synonymous with college football. Meanwhile, debates raged over conference affiliations and the legitimacy of national champions, as Notre Dame and Southern California both laid claim to the crown.

So, join us on this nostalgic journey through the 1931 college football season. We'll relive the iconic plays, celebrate the heroes, and savor the raw emotion of a golden age in American sports.

Join us in our salute to the history of the 1935 College Football Season in our series titled Football History Rewind Part 76. We cover the big games, top players, and some of the most exciting games of the 1936 CFB season.