Pro Football Hall of Fame

Born September 11, 1924, in Mission, Texas was Pro Football Hall of Fame Tom Landry. This legend was one of the most successful and influential coaches in NFL history.

Tom Landry's name is synonymous with the Dallas Cowboys. As the team's head coach from 1960 to 1989, he transformed the franchise from a struggling expansion team into a perennial powerhouse. Landry's innovative coaching style and meticulous attention to detail were instrumental in the Cowboys' success.

Landry's impact on the NFL extended far beyond his time with Dallas. He was a pioneer in defensive strategies, introducing the "Flex Defense" that revolutionized the game. His commitment to discipline and teamwork created a winning culture that defined the Cowboys for decades. Landry's legacy is cemented in the Pro Football Hall of Fame, where he is recognized as one of the greatest coaches in NFL history.

He served as the head coach of the Dallas Cowboys for 29 seasons, from 1960 to 1988, and led the team to two Super Bowl victories (1972 and 1978).

Landry was a master tactician and a stickler for discipline. He was also a pioneer in the use of analytics and video technology to prepare for games. Under his leadership, the Cowboys became one of the most dominant teams in the NFL, winning 20 division titles and making 22 playoff appearances.

In addition to his on-field success, Landry was also a respected figure off the field. He was known for his intelligence, integrity, and humility. He was also a devout Christian and a strong advocate for social justice.

Landry was inducted into the Pro Football Hall of Fame in 1990.

July 15, 1952 - John Stallworth is a Pro Football Hall of Fame Wide Receiver that played his entire NFL career for the Pittsburgh Steelers.

The standout receiver played his college ball at Alabama A & M. Stallworth was a very productive play maker in the Steelers dynasty of the 1970's where they won four Super Bowls in a span of 6 seasons. He finished his career having been selected as a First Team All-Pro for the 1979 season and made the Pro Bowl in 3 different seasons.

His NFL career stats bio-line 537 receptions for 8,723 yards and 63 touchdowns. Stallworth's reception total was a franchise record until being surpassed by Hines Ward in 2005. Stallworth was the Steelers' two-time MVP and NFL Comeback Player of the Year in 1984. He was inducted into the Pro Football Hall of Fame in 2002.

Born July 15, 1935 was Alex Karras is enshrined in the Pro Football Hall of Fame as a Defensive Tackle for the Detroit Lions.

-College Career:

Alex Karras' football journey began at the University of Iowa, where he quickly established himself as a force to be reckoned with. A two-time First-team All-American (1956, 1957), Karras dominated as a defensive tackle. His relentless aggression and exceptional technique earned him the respect of teammates and the fear of opposing offenses. In 1957, Karras' dominance reached new heights. He captured the prestigious Outland Trophy, awarded to the nation's best interior lineman, and finished as runner-up to Heisman Trophy winner John David Crow. This marked the highest finish for a tackle in Heisman voting history. Karras also proved his athletic versatility, winning the collegiate heavyweight wrestling championship. Leading the Hawkeyes to a Rose Bowl victory in 1956 cemented his status as an Iowa legend.

-Road to the Pro Game:

Following his decorated college career, Karras entered the 1958 NFL Draft as a highly coveted prospect. The Detroit Lions, yearning for defensive stability, snatched him up in the first round. This would mark the beginning of a long and fruitful partnership.

-Football Legacy:

Karras' 12-year career with the Detroit Lions solidified his place as one of the greatest defensive tackles of his era. His ferocious style of play earned him the nickname "The Spoiler." Despite his intimidating presence, Karras was surprisingly durable, missing just one game during his entire career and starting an astonishing 153 consecutive games.

Accolades followed Karras throughout his career. He earned nine Pro Bowl selections, a testament to his consistent excellence. Three First-team All-Pro selections and six Second-team recognitions further illustrate his dominance. Karras' impact extended beyond individual accolades. He was a cornerstone of the Lions' defense during a competitive era, helping the team reach several NFL Championship games in the 1960s, though they ultimately fell short of a Super Bowl appearance.

Karras' legacy transcends the traditional metrics of success. His influence extended beyond the field. He was known for his outspoken personality and confrontational style, clashing with officials and often drawing fines. This rebellious streak resonated with some fans, solidifying his image as a maverick within the sport.

Following his retirement in 1970, Karras embarked on a successful career as a sportscaster, injecting his signature wit and candor into the Monday Night Football booth. He later transitioned into acting, with a memorable role as Mongo in the classic comedy film "Blazing Saddles."

In 2020, Alex Karras was posthumously inducted into the Pro Football Hall of Fame, a fitting tribute to his on-field dominance and enduring influence on the game. He left an indelible mark on the Detroit Lions franchise and the landscape of professional football, remembered as a fearless player, a captivating personality, and a true gridiron legend.

Ken Strong's career was a spectacle of unparalleled versatility and dominance, spanning college and professional leagues. His record-breaking college days and championship performance with the New York Giants left an indelible mark on the game, earning him a place in both the College and Pro Football Halls of Fame. His journey wasn't just about football; it was a testament to the power of human potential.

Born August 6, 1906, in West Haven, Connecticut, was Elmer Kenneth "Ken" Strong. His journey to greatness began in high school, where he shone brightly. His exceptional talent was evident with two All-Connecticut selections and his instrumental role in elevating West Haven High to prominence. This was just the start of a career that would leave an indelible mark on American football.

It is reported that his NYU coach Chic Meehan's idea of making games more entertaining for home fans somewhat backfired spectacularly due to Strong. The coach had planned a celebratory cannon blast for every score by his squad but hadn't anticipated the offensive juggernaut that was Ken Strong Jr. Strong, a tireless fullback, racked up points so quickly that the cannoneers struggled to keep up, their gunpowder reserves dwindling under the relentless barrage of touchdowns.

As a college fullback, Ken led the nation in scoring in 1928, amassing a staggering 162 points and over 2,000 rushing yards. His exploits earned him comparisons to the legendary "Red" Grange, a testament to his exceptional speed and power.

This dominance continued in the professional ranks. Many assumed that the NYU connection would place the youngster directly into the Giants fold, but instead, Strong signed with the Staten Island Stapletons in 1929 and played with that club for four seasons until they folded in 1932. Ironically, the Stapes got their NFL charter from Mara and then held the rights to the coveted Ken Strong for all four years of their NFL franchise existence wearing the Number 2 jersey. Tim Mara finally would get his man after financial woes shuttered the doors of the Staten Island squad.

1933, Ken moved across the boroughs to sign a contract with the New York Football Giants. It is as if Giant Strong made his biggest impact on NFL football. Eight of his thirteen seasons in pro ball were recorded with the G-men, helping the franchise secure an NFL title and individually appearing on three All-Pro rosters.

Ken Strong's talent was not confined to a single position. He was a master of versatility, excelling as a halfback, fullback, defensive back, and kicker. This was a rare feat in an era of more specialized roles, and it made him a formidable opponent. His kicking skills, in particular, were legendary. Red Cagle, a College Football Hall of Famer, praised Strong's all-around ability in 1937, saying, "Strong...can do everything. He's a great punter, placekicker, pass thrower, and how he could carry his 198 pounds!" This ability to excel in multiple positions made him a constant threat, keeping opposing teams on their toes.

Strong's accolades speak volumes. He was a four-time All-Pro selection, leading the NFL in scoring during the 1934 season. This year, he also etched his name in history. In the iconic 1934 NFL Championship Game, played on an ice-covered field, Strong's versatility proved pivotal. The iconic contest is remembered in NFL lore as the Sneaker Game because the Giants wore tennis shoes to get better footing on the ice-covered field at the Polo Grounds. Their opponents, the Chicago Bears of George Halas, were heavily favored. In a surprising upset against the undefeated Chicago Bears, the Giants relied on gym shoes and Strong's kicking prowess. He contributed a remarkable 17 points - two touchdowns, two extra points, and a field goal - a record that stood for nearly 30 years. This performance solidified his reputation as a clutch player who could rise to the occasion on the biggest stage.

In a surprise move, Strong jumped to the second edition of the American Football League in 1936 and played for the New York Yankees. When he returned to the Giants in 1939 (after a season of being banished to the Jersey City minor league Giants), he wore #30 instead of his usual #50. He was just a kicking specialist for the remainder of his career. 

Ken Strong's influence on the game extended far beyond his brilliance on the field. His success as a multi-talented player sparked a more flexible approach to player roles. In an era where specialization was becoming increasingly prominent, Strong's versatility was a beacon of innovation, inspiring coaches to consider players with diverse skill sets. His legacy is a powerful reminder of the role adaptability plays in shaping the future of football, a contribution that continues to be appreciated in the sport today.

Even injuries and a brief retirement couldn't keep Ken Strong away from the game he loved. The player shortages during World War II presented an opportunity for the Giants to entice him back in 1944, this time primarily as a kicking specialist. Strong's experience and reliability were invaluable, even at an advanced age for the sport. He continued to play until 1947, displaying remarkable longevity and dedication to the game. He retired from professional football after that '47 season at age 41, leaving a legacy that would endure.

Ken Strong's career transcended statistics and accolades. He embodied the spirit of a true competitor, showcasing dominance and adaptability. His versatility and impact on the game's strategic evolution solidify his place among football's all-time greats. Strong's legacy reminds us of the beauty of a multifaceted player who could change the course of a game with a powerful run, a clutch kick, or a well-timed tackle.

-Basic Bio of Ken Strong

Born August 6, 1906, in West Haven, Connecticut was Halfback/placekicker Elmer Kenneth "Ken" Strong. According to a Yahoo.com article Ken was an All-American at NYU from 1926 through the 1928 season and later was one of the NFL’s early stars. Strong once scored two touchdowns, two extra points, and a field goal in one game to lead the New York Giants to victory in the 1934 NFL Championship Game, remembered in NFL lore as the Sneaker Game because the Giants wore sneakers to get better footing on the ice-covered field at the Polo Grounds. Besides playing with the Giants from 1933 through 1935 and later in the 1940's per the article, Ken also signed with Staten Island Stapletons in 1929 through 1932, the AFL's New York Yankees for the seasons of 1936-37. Ken Strong was a five-time First-team All-Pro as well as a member of the NFL 1930s All-Decade Team. He is the second player in NFL history to devote an entire season to placekicking. Strong’s  jersey No. 50 was retired by the Giants in 1947. He was inducted into the Pro Football Hall of Fame in 1967 and into the Giants Ring of Honor in 2010.

Our subject player in this edition is a Pro Football Hall of Fame multi-faceted talent of the New York Giants. Born Alphonse Emil Leemans on November 12, 1912, by his admission, he would have accepted any nickname to be recognized on the gridiron. The handle came about when Leemans was a kid, as he often played tackle football on the sandlots with older, bigger kids and was not afraid of the riggers of the more prominent, stronger players. You had to be tough to play with them as a little guy. Thus, Tuffy was an apt description of the ambitious youngster. The name "Tuffy" provided a more than adequate name for a football player and indicated the style Mr Leemans leaned toward. The Moniker was out of necessity to extend his college career into the pro ranks.

Leemans' journey to football stardom began in his hometown high school in Superior, Wisconsin. He then ventured West to play freshman ball in Oregon before deciding to complete his collegiate career at George Washington University. His time with the George Washington Colonials showcased his versatility, as he amassed 2,382 rushing yards, threw for 966 yards, and returned 84 punts for 984 yards, a total of 3142 total NFL yards of production. His ability to excel in multiple roles on the field was a testament to his adaptability and skill.

Thanks to a somewhat improbable course, Tuffy became a second-round pick in the first NFL Draft in 1936. The selection was based on a tip from Tim Marra's son Wellington, who saw Tuffy play at GW while vacationing as a high schooler. Wellington would later reminisce, "If I'm remembered for nothing else, I'd like to be remembered for discovering Tuffy Leemans." This is a pretty humble statement from the guy still referenced in every official NFL football statement, "The Duke." Wellington took it a step further when, as many draftees from the first NFL selection process decided against playing in the still somewhat fledgling League for better pay in other career fields, Mara talked Leemans into playing for the Giants.

Chicago Trib writer Vincent X. Flaherty helped get Tuffy from GW into the Chicago All-Star game in 1936, with some help from the hundreds of votes for the player from the Windy City Fish Wrap readers. It was also a brilliant selection from John Q. Public, the collective name for the average American, as Leemans became the 1936 College All-Star MVP, a testament to his growing popularity and influence in the sport.

The "Duke football's" namesake's suggestion to his father and the rest of the Giants brass proved fruitful. Tuffy Leemans' eight-year career with the New York Giants (1936-1943) was masterclasses in versatility, earning him a well-deserved spot in the Pro Football Hall of Fame. A single position didn't define Leemans; he excelled as a running back, passer, receiver, and defender. This adaptability, coupled with his raw talent, made him a nightmare for opposing teams.

Leemans' impact was immediate. Drafted in the second round of the 1936 NFL Draft, he shattered rookie rushing records, leading the League with a staggering 830 yards. Not only was he the starting fullback as a rookie, but in the era of single-platoon football, he also patrolled the defensive backfield as a safety. He became a fixture on the All-Pro team, earning the distinction twice (1936 and 1939). A surprising passing prowess matched his ability to churn out yards on the ground. Leemans could dissect defenses with his arm, throwing for over 2,300 yards and 25 touchdowns throughout his career.

Leemans' impact on the New York Giants was profound. His two-way dominance, excelling on offense and defense, propelled the team to consistent championship contention. The fact that he was a fantastic defensive player was significant.

He was one of Head Coach Steve Owen's favorites and was a big part of why Owens was confident in implementing his two-platoon system—his A Team and B Team. The A team would play the first and third quarters, and the B team would play the second and fourth quarters. Leemans captained one team, while teammate Ward Cuff headed the alternate squad. What Owens trusted most about both players was their reliability in organizing the defenses properly.

The unselfish playing time may also indicate why Leemans only led the League in rushing his rookie season in 1936, as the talented back only played 30 minutes a game on this big substitution strategy. His stats would've been much higher had he played regularly.
 
Under his leadership, the Giants thrice reached the NFL title game, securing victory in 1938. His grit and determination were instrumental in these triumphs, making him a source of pride and inspiration for the team and its fans.

To further showcase his uncanny athleticism and versatility, the enterprising young man played professional basketball when, in the 1937 NFL off-season, he inked a contract with the Heurich Brewers of Washington, D.C.

Tuffy's versatility rose again when veteran Giants QB Ed Danowski retired and Leemans switched from RB to QB for his final two seasons. Tuffy wasn't a prolific passer by any means, but again, it was Owens's trust in Leemans to call the right plays and his leadership qualities. He was a player/coach in his final season in 1943 and a full-time assistant coach in 1944.

Leemans' career was tragically cut short by injuries. However, his impact transcended his playing days. He briefly coached for the Giants before returning to his alma mater, George Washington University, to coach high school football. His story with the Giants wasn't over, though, and came up again on one of the most infamous days in U.S. history. On December 7, 1941, the Giants celebrated "Tuffy Leemans Day." The franchise was all set to thank their former star with a gift of a silver tray and $1,500 in defense bonds. The War Bonds were quite a segue and a precognitive gift for what occurred during the ceremony. The game's radio broadcast was interrupted by an announcement of the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor, and the in-stadium announcer was persuaded to call out on the Public Address system at the polo grounds, requesting military personnel to report to their Commanding Officers immediately.

Tuffy Leemans' legacy extends far beyond statistics. He was a true pioneer, demonstrating that a player's value wasn't confined to a single position. His enshrinement in the Hall of Fame in 1978 is a permanent reminder of his all-around brilliance and the indelible mark he left on the game. His pioneering spirit continues to inspire players and fans alike, showing that versatility and adaptability are crucial to success in football.

Tuffy Leemans was a standout player in the early days of the National Football League (NFL). Here's a summary of his career:

-College and Early Career: Leemans played college football for both Oregon and George Washington University. Drafted by the New York Giants in the second round of the 1936 NFL Draft, he quickly established himself as a force on the field.

-Dominant All-Around Player: Leemans excelled on both offense and defense. He was a skilled runner, receiver, and passer, while also being a strong defensive player. This versatility made him a valuable asset to the Giants.

-League Leader and Champion: Leemans led the NFL in rushing yards (830) as a rookie, a remarkable feat, and was named a First-Team All-Pro in 1936 and 1939. He helped the Giants win the 1938 NFL Championship and played in the championship games of 1939 and 1941.

-Durability and Accolades: Leemans played eight seasons for the Giants, appearing in 80 games. He finished his career with over 3,100 rushing yards, 2,300 passing yards, and 33 total touchdowns. He was selected to the Pro Bowl twice in his career (1938, 1941) and was inducted into the Pro Football Hall of Fame in 1978.

-Legacy: Leemans' career embodied the early days of the NFL, where players were often expected to excel on both sides of the ball. His well-rounded skill set and leadership made him a key contributor to the Giants' success in the late 1930s and early 1940s.

Leemans worked briefly as a backfield coach for the Giants and at his alma mater George Washington after his playing days were over.

It is a name that many have heard uttered, but few in this era really know who he was and Clarkk's importance to football. The legendary football player, Dutch Clark, is examined with his place in NFL history in this post.

College Career
Hailing from Colorado, Dutch Clark was a standout athlete at Colorado College.

His versatility was exceptional, as he excelled not only in football but also basketball and track and field. On the gridiron, Clark's dynamic playmaking abilities quickly garnered national attention. His 1928 season was particularly remarkable, where he amassed 1,349 rushing yards and 103 points, earning him the distinction of being the first Colorado native to claim first-team All-American honors. Beyond his athletic prowess, Clark also served as a coach at Colorado College, demonstrating his early aptitude for leadership.  

Road to the Pro Game
Dutch Clark's professional football journey began with the Portsmouth Spartans, where he quickly established himself as one of the league's premier talents. Known for his exceptional speed, agility, and versatility, he was a nightmare for opposing defenses. Clark's impact was so significant that he was granted a leave of absence from his coaching duties at Colorado College to focus on his NFL career.  

His tenure with the Spartans, which later evolved into the Detroit Lions, was marked by consistent excellence. Clark's ability to excel as both a runner and passer made him a multifaceted threat. His leadership qualities were also evident as he took on a player-coach role during his later years with the team.  

Football Legacy
Dutch Clark's legacy in football is undeniable. As a player, he was a pioneer, showcasing a level of skill and athleticism that was ahead of his time. His impact on the game extended beyond his playing days, as he transitioned into coaching with success. His induction into the Pro Football Hall of Fame in 1963 is a testament to his enduring influence.  

Clark's story is one of perseverance, talent, and leadership. He overcame challenges and excelled at every level of the game. His contributions to the sport have left an enduring mark, and his name remains synonymous with football excellence.

Born September 22, 1949, Harold Carmichael, a towering figure both literally and figuratively, stands as one of the most prolific wide receivers in NFL history. Born in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, Carmichael's football journey began at Temple University, where he quickly established himself as a dominant force. His combination of size, speed, and athleticism made him a nightmare for opposing defenses.

Drafted by the Philadelphia Eagles in 1970, Carmichael's NFL career was a testament to his enduring talent and dedication. Throughout his 14-year tenure with the Eagles, he consistently showcased his ability to make acrobatic catches, outmuscle defenders, and haul in touchdowns. His remarkable longevity and consistent production solidified his status as one of the greatest wide receivers of all time.

Carmichael enjoyed a distinguished NFL career, primarily with the Philadelphia Eagles from 1971 to 1984. Standing out for his impressive size and exceptional hands, Carmichael amassed 589 receptions for 8,985 yards and 79 touchdowns. His remarkable consistency and ability to make critical catches earned him three Pro Bowl selections. Carmichael was also a key contributor to the Eagles’ offense, setting multiple franchise records. His standout performance and impact on the game were recognized with his induction into the Pro Football Hall of Fame in 2020, solidifying his legacy as one of the game's great wide receivers.

Carmichael's impact on the Eagles was immeasurable. He holds numerous franchise records, including most career receptions, receiving yards, and touchdown catches. His contributions to the team helped them reach the Super Bowl in 1980, where they narrowly fell short against the Oakland Raiders. Despite not winning a championship, Carmichael's legacy in Philadelphia is undeniable. He is revered by fans and teammates alike for his exceptional talent, sportsmanship, and unwavering commitment to the game.

Born August 2, 1937, was LSU former star halfback and 1959 Heisman winner, Billy Cannon was also born on this day. He attended Louisiana State University, where he played college football as a halfback, return specialist, and defensive back for the LSU Tigers. Mr. Cannon was enshrined in the College Football Hall of Fame in 2008.

A Heisman Trophy winner at LSU, Cannon's college career was highlighted by his electrifying 89-yard punt return touchdown against Ole Miss, a play that has become one of the most iconic moments in college football history.

His professional career was equally impressive. Drafted first overall by the Los Angeles Rams, Cannon spent most of his time in the AFL, where he was a dynamic playmaker for the Houston Oilers and Oakland Raiders. With his speed, power, and versatility, he was a nightmare for defenses. Though injuries curtailed his career, Cannon's impact on the game remains undeniable, securing his place as one of the greatest all-around athletes of his era.

His punt return on October 31, 1959 haunted the number 3 ranked Ole Miss Rebels and is considered by many to be one of the greatest play in LSU football history. At LSU, Cannon was twice named a unanimous All-American, helped the 1958 LSU team win a national championship, and received the Heisman Trophy as the nation's most outstanding college player in 1959.

Billy Cannon also had a nice AFL and NFL career the Houston Oilers, Oakland Raiders and KC Chiefs. He was also drafted by the LA Rams but the AFL Oiler's owner Bud Adams won a court ruling and outbid the NFL's Rams for his rights.

Born August 7, 1945, in Canton, Ohio, was Alan Page was a defensive end from Notre Dame that was selected to enter the College Football Hall of Fame. He was a member of that famed 1966 Fighting Irish National Championship team.

Mr. Page went on to have a tremendous 15 year pro career as part of the famed Purple People Eaters of the Minnesota Vikings and later 3 seasons with the Chicago Bears. In 1967 he won the NFL Rookie of the Year honors.

As a Viking, Alan played in four Super Bowls (IV, VIII, IX, XI), but unfortunately never got a chance to hoist the Lombardi Trophy. Page was named to the 1970s NFL All-Decade Team, inducted into the Vikings Ring of Honor

The great defender also has his bronze bust placed in Canton in the Pro Football Hall of Fame. Page was the first player on the defensive side of the ball to win the NFL MVP honors, and only Lawrence Taylor has done it since!

What does a super-intelligent football player do after a brilliant career? Well, according to Yahoo.com, Page attended the University of Minnesota Law School while still playing for the Vikings and earned his law degree in 1978. The man then served as a Minnesota Supreme Court Associate Justice from 1992-2015. Incredible!

Calvin Johnson, also known by his nickname "Megatron," is widely regarded as one of the greatest wide receivers in NFL history. Born in Flint, Michigan, Johnson's football journey began at Flint Northwestern High School, where he quickly established himself as a dominant force on the gridiron. His exceptional athleticism, combined with his impressive size and speed, made him a nightmare for opposing defenses. Johnson's high school exploits earned him a scholarship to Georgia Tech, where he continued to excel.

His name is found in bold lettering in the records of college football history during his time at Georgia Tech. A towering wide receiver with exceptional speed and strength, Johnson dominated the ACC. His ability to make acrobatic catches and outmuscle defenders was unmatched. His college career culminated in a standout performance in the 2007 ACC Championship Game, where he showcased his immense talent and helped lead Georgia Tech to victory. Johnson's dominance on the field laid the foundation for a successful NFL career, where he continued to excel and solidify his legacy as one of the greatest wide receivers of all time.

In 2007, the Detroit Lions selected Johnson with the second overall pick in the NFL Draft. From the moment he stepped onto the field in Detroit, Johnson's impact was undeniable. His rookie season saw him amass 1,220 receiving yards and eight touchdowns, earning him Pro Bowl honors. However, it was in the following years that Johnson truly showcased his extraordinary talent. He broke the NFL single-season receiving yards record in 2011 with an astonishing 1,964 yards, and followed that up with another impressive season in 2012.

Throughout his career, Johnson was renowned for his ability to make acrobatic catches and dominate opposing defenses with his physicality. His combination of size, speed, and leaping ability made him a virtually unstoppable force. Johnson's dominance on the field earned him numerous accolades, including seven Pro Bowl appearances and three All-Pro selections. Despite his individual success, Johnson's career was marred by the Lions' lack of consistent success as a team. The franchise struggled to find consistent winning seasons during his tenure, leading to frustration and disappointment for both Johnson and the team's loyal fans.

After nine seasons with the Lions, Johnson announced his retirement from the NFL in 2016. His decision to retire at the relatively young age of 31 shocked many, but he cited the toll that the physical demands of the game had taken on his body. Johnson's retirement left a void in the NFL, and his impact on the game will continue to be felt for years to come. He is widely considered one of the greatest wide receivers of all time, and his legacy will undoubtedly endure.