Football History

Born July 15, 1935 was Alex Karras is enshrined in the Pro Football Hall of Fame as a Defensive Tackle for the Detroit Lions.

-College Career:

Alex Karras' football journey began at the University of Iowa, where he quickly established himself as a force to be reckoned with. A two-time First-team All-American (1956, 1957), Karras dominated as a defensive tackle. His relentless aggression and exceptional technique earned him the respect of teammates and the fear of opposing offenses. In 1957, Karras' dominance reached new heights. He captured the prestigious Outland Trophy, awarded to the nation's best interior lineman, and finished as runner-up to Heisman Trophy winner John David Crow. This marked the highest finish for a tackle in Heisman voting history. Karras also proved his athletic versatility, winning the collegiate heavyweight wrestling championship. Leading the Hawkeyes to a Rose Bowl victory in 1956 cemented his status as an Iowa legend.

-Road to the Pro Game:

Following his decorated college career, Karras entered the 1958 NFL Draft as a highly coveted prospect. The Detroit Lions, yearning for defensive stability, snatched him up in the first round. This would mark the beginning of a long and fruitful partnership.

-Football Legacy:

Karras' 12-year career with the Detroit Lions solidified his place as one of the greatest defensive tackles of his era. His ferocious style of play earned him the nickname "The Spoiler." Despite his intimidating presence, Karras was surprisingly durable, missing just one game during his entire career and starting an astonishing 153 consecutive games.

Accolades followed Karras throughout his career. He earned nine Pro Bowl selections, a testament to his consistent excellence. Three First-team All-Pro selections and six Second-team recognitions further illustrate his dominance. Karras' impact extended beyond individual accolades. He was a cornerstone of the Lions' defense during a competitive era, helping the team reach several NFL Championship games in the 1960s, though they ultimately fell short of a Super Bowl appearance.

Karras' legacy transcends the traditional metrics of success. His influence extended beyond the field. He was known for his outspoken personality and confrontational style, clashing with officials and often drawing fines. This rebellious streak resonated with some fans, solidifying his image as a maverick within the sport.

Following his retirement in 1970, Karras embarked on a successful career as a sportscaster, injecting his signature wit and candor into the Monday Night Football booth. He later transitioned into acting, with a memorable role as Mongo in the classic comedy film "Blazing Saddles."

In 2020, Alex Karras was posthumously inducted into the Pro Football Hall of Fame, a fitting tribute to his on-field dominance and enduring influence on the game. He left an indelible mark on the Detroit Lions franchise and the landscape of professional football, remembered as a fearless player, a captivating personality, and a true gridiron legend.

Born May 8, 1930, in Humboltd, Tennessee, was Doug Atkins the Tennessee tackle of 1950-1952. The FootballFoundation.org has a great bio of Atkins where they share that head football coach Bob Neyland went after the basketball recruit to use his 6'8", 245- pound frame on the football field as well. As a sophomore in 1950, Atkins played end on Tennessee's 11-1 Cotton Bowl champion team.

Soon they flipped him over to play defensive tackle and soon Doug led a vicious pass rush! The Vols led the nation in pass defense as Tennessee raced to 10 consecutive regular-season victories and a national championship. In Doug's 1952 senior season he won All- America recognition as Tennessee led the nation in total defense.

Against Vanderbilt, he intercepted a pass thrown by future Chicago teammate Billy Wade and returned it for the game's first touchdown in a 46-0 rout. Doug Atkins collegiate football records are celebrated in the College Football Hall of Fame after his induction in 1985. The Cleveland Browns selected Doug in the 1953 NFL Draft with their first-round pick to play defensive end for them. After just two seasons, the Chicago Bears traded with the Browns to get the rights to Doug, and he thrived in the Monsters of the Midway system and scheme.  Atkins enjoyed a 17-year NFL career, earning legendary acclaim as a devastating pass rusher who would often leapfrog blockers to get at the passer. Atkins was selected with All-NFL honors four different times as he also played in 8 Pro Bowls games. Doug Atkins was enshrined into the Pro Football Hall of Fame in 1982.

Born April 24, 1903, in Cleveland, Ohio, was Mike Michalske, the Penn State All-American guard. Mike signed on in the pros with the original American Football League’s New York Yankees in 1927.

He played there for two seasons until the League disbanded, and then he joined the Green Bay Packers of the NFL in 1929, then anchored their lines all the way until 1937. Mike’s bio on the Pro Football Hall of Fame says that Michalske was particularly adept at going after the passer.

Michalske also championed the idea of using former fullbacks at guard because they were fast and explosive. He sold the idea to Green Bay Packers coach Curly Lambea,u and thu,s it was no accident that many fine Green Bay guards had cut their football teeth as fullbacks. Michalske  was a great two-way player as the guy played 60 minutes of darn near every game he played in earning him the name of “Iron Mike.” The Packers won NFL titles in 1929, 1930, and 1931, and Michalske was named All-NFL in 1929, 1930, 1931, 1934, and 1935. In 1964, the Pro Football Hall of Fame enshrined Mike Michalske into their Canton, Ohio, museum of Legends. NFL Jersey Number 36

Joe Burrow's football journey is a captivating tale of resilience, talent, and a meteoric rise to stardom. While his career is still young, his accomplishments thus far have cemented his place as a rising star and a beacon of hope for the Cincinnati Bengals franchise.

Joe Burrow Bengals Nov 2020 Courtesy AlexanderJonesi via Wikimedia Commons

Born December 10, 1996 - Burrow's path began modestly in Athens, Ohio, where he led his high school team to unprecedented success. Initially overshadowed at Ohio State University, he transferred to LSU, a decision that proved pivotal. There, under the tutelage of Coach Ed Orgeron, Burrow blossomed. In a historic 2019 season, he shattered LSU records, leading the team to an undefeated season and a National Championship victory. His pinpoint accuracy, poise under pressure, and leadership qualities earned him the coveted Heisman Trophy, solidifying him as college football's most electrifying player.

The 2020 NFL Draft saw the Cincinnati Bengals, yearning for a franchise quarterback, select Burrow with the number one overall pick. However, Burrow's rookie season was tragically cut short by a knee injury. Undeterred, he embarked on a grueling rehabilitation process, returning in 2021 with renewed determination.

Burrow's second season showcased his exceptional talent. He shattered Bengals franchise records for passing yards and touchdowns, leading the team to its first playoff berth in over a decade. The magic continued in the playoffs, culminating in a historic Super Bowl appearance, the first for the Bengals in 33 years. While they ultimately fell short, Burrow's leadership and poise on the biggest stage solidified his status as a future star.

The 2023 season saw Burrow continue his ascent. He led the Bengals back to the AFC Championship game, showcasing his ability to elevate his teammates and orchestrate a dynamic offense. Burrow's calm demeanor and clutch performances have endeared him to the Cincinnati faithful, earning him the nickname "Joe Cool."

Joe Burrow's story is far from over. His talent, work ethic, and leadership have breathed new life into the Bengals franchise. As he continues to develop and refine his skills, the future looks bright for Burrow and the Cincinnati Bengals. One can only anticipate the records he will break, the games he will win, and the chapters he will continue to add to his already impressive football legacy.

July 15, 1952 - John Stallworth is a Pro Football Hall of Fame Wide Receiver that played his entire NFL career for the Pittsburgh Steelers.

The standout receiver played his college ball at Alabama A & M. Stallworth was a very productive play maker in the Steelers dynasty of the 1970's where they won four Super Bowls in a span of 6 seasons. He finished his career having been selected as a First Team All-Pro for the 1979 season and made the Pro Bowl in 3 different seasons.

His NFL career stats bio-line 537 receptions for 8,723 yards and 63 touchdowns. Stallworth's reception total was a franchise record until being surpassed by Hines Ward in 2005. Stallworth was the Steelers' two-time MVP and NFL Comeback Player of the Year in 1984. He was inducted into the Pro Football Hall of Fame in 2002.

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Timothy P. Brown shares the story of the Big New Years game in 1947 between #3 Georgia and #9 North Carolina and the star players, like Charley Trippi and what happened in the Sugar Bowl.

At the 1947 Sugar Bowl, Charley Trippi was a dynamic force, but his impact transcended mere statistics. While he carried the ball 14 times for 54 yards and threw a game-changing 67-yard touchdown pass, his true contribution was a masterclass in offensive agility and leadership.

Shifty Running: Trippi frustrated the North Carolina defense with his signature moves, dodging tackles and keeping plays alive with his deceptive jukes and spins. He wasn't just a powerful runner, but a magician with the ball in his hands.

Clutch Pass: When Georgia needed it most, Trippi stepped up as a passer. His 67-yard touchdown to Dan Edwards was a thing of beauty, showcasing his underrated arm strength and ability to read defenses. This play shifted the momentum and ultimately secured the Bulldogs' victory.

-Transcribed Conversation on Charley Trippi & the 1947 Sugar Bowl with Timothy Brown

Hello, my football friends. This is Darin Hayes of PigskinDispatch.com. Welcome again to The Pig Pen, your portal to positive football history. And welcome another day to visit with our friend Timothy P. Brown of FootballArchaeology.com. Tim, welcome back to The Pig Pen.

Darin, it's good to be here with you, and I'm looking forward to going on a little trip with you. It is a little Trippi, indeed. That's pretty good stuff.

Yeah, that's digging deep for that segue into our topic tonight. Of course, Tim is talking about a recent tidbit that he wrote about the famous football legend Charley Trippi and a college football game that he played. And we know him as a great college and professional player.

But Tim loves to focus on, especially on those college games. And you've got some interesting items on Mr. Trippi that you'd like to discuss. Yeah.

So this one, I kind of, this particular tidbit, I was hoping to draw kind of two issues. One is how much of a stud Trippi was, right? And he was just a tremendous player. But the other thing was just kind of the messiness of determining the national championship back in the day.

You know, and if anybody thought it was bad past 30, 40 years, back in 1946, when he was getting out of college, it was worse. So, you know, he, as a senior, his senior season was 1946, he's playing for, you know, University of Georgia. And they ended up the year ranked number three.

And so, right, I ended the regular season ranked number three. Number one and two were the Army and Navy, who had tied zero to zero, you know, in the last game of the season. And so, you know, they're, you know, they weren't going to win the national championship, in all likelihood, you know, meaning Georgia wasn't.

And, you know, back then, the Big Ten for the 1947 season, the Big Ten still, maybe, they had just started. But anyway, you know, there were, you know, Notre Dame didn't go to bowl games. And, you know, we were still in an era where entire conferences didn't go to bowl games.

So it's, you know, who was going to finish the season national championships? It's kind of a mess. But so they end up with, you know, Georgia ends up being invited to the Sugar Bowl. And they play; they're number three, and they play number nine, North Carolina.

And so Trippi, who had finished second in the Heisman Trophy, voting to Glenn Davis, you know, of Army. And Trippi was this, you know, quintuple and maybe even a septuple or whatever, you know, threat, because he, you know, he was a passer, he was a runner, punted, he returned kicks. And, you know, in the 47 seasons, he led the nation, or at least tied to the in the nation for most interceptions, so he's just this all-around player who's just, you know, just tremendous.

So he ends up, you know, in the Sugar Bowl. North Carolina takes a seven-nothing lead at the half. And then Georgia ties it up, you know, early in the third quarter.

UNC gets a field goal. So now they're down, you know, Georgia's down 10-7, and they're thinking we're at least the third team in the nation. So then I think it was the next series, Trippi faked a run and then executed one of those old style jump passes, you know, jumps up right behind the line of scrimmage, hits a guy who's running a crossing pattern.

And the guy, boom, to the races, you know, get a touchdown. And then they score another touchdown and win the game. And, you know, one of the cool things about that particular tidbit is just that I had, you know, these old college composite schedule, you know, booklets.

And so one of them had that play. And, you know, the coach described the play, it's got the play diagram. And, you know, it's a neat illustration of that jump pass play.

But so they end up winning. And, you know, here it is, right after World War Two. So the AFC and the NFL are battling for, you know, contracts.

So this guy signs, he can sign a four-year $100,000 contract, which was the biggest contract for a pro football player to that point. So, I mean, just the bargaining power he had, and yet, you know, it's just nothing compared to today's four-year $100,000 contract. And then he goes on, in the NFL, he's into the all-1940s team.

When he retired in 57, he was the NFL's all-time yardage leader because he was a multi-threat player. Then, he died in 1921 or 2021. He was the second NFL player to live to be 100 years old.

So, the guy had a pretty good life. Yeah. Wow.

Can't complain about that one. No. And what an interesting, you know, time when his senior season, you know, World War Two is just over, and that 46th season is sort of, I always look at it, it's almost like a line of debarkation of like, you know, the single wing is ending its run, and they're going into, you know, some T formations, some more modern formations that we're familiar with.

And, you know, single platoon football is, you know, right at its edge of doing. So it's a lot of interesting things that era, and all the different things that if you're a football fan, you go to the stadium, you're going to see, you know, everything coming out of the woodwork in those years. And as you said, the AFC and the NFL are doing battle, and Paul Brown is, you know, getting his glory on and at the pro level and just a cool era.

Charley Trippi is a part of that. Well, Trippi, like a lot of the guys, you know, he was. I think he left college. He was 44 and 45, so I could be off on that. But, you know, like a lot of these guys, they were getting drafted, you know, and so he was out of the game.

Now he played service football, like a lot of these guys did. But, you know, the other thing about 46 was just, I mean, if there was an era with more talent, now, this is pre-integration, so it's all white guys, right? But, you know, you had rosters filled with these returning vets, you know, so guys who had been in the service for two, three, and even four years coming back to college. And, you know, all these guys with playing experience, all these guys who'd started are now all of a sudden on one roster.

And it's just that even though teams were starting to run, you know, two-platoon, most still ran one platoon. So just, I mean, there was just some tremendous talent in the 1946 season. Yeah.

And they got that extra training if they played military ball, it's like an extra couple of years of college football to get trained for the professional level, which wasn't that developed yet. The college game was a much better game at that point in time too. So just, you know, just all the stars aligned for football with all the world events and everything that was going on.

And man, a special time is definitely a golden era of football, like they say. And it's very enjoyable to read about it and to see these heroes like Charley Trippi and others who played the game so well during that era. Yeah.

And I mean, you just think about the changes in the game that he saw in his lifetime; just incredible. Yeah. You'd have to pick up a new copy of that rules book and study it really hard every time the new season comes along because that's definitely a time of change.

Now, speaking of changes, your tidbits now cover changes from all eras of football, from the 1800s to the 20th century and beyond, even into today's game. And they're really interesting, and they're not focused on one thing. You take us on a journey every single evening into something new that maybe we never really thought about.

So how can people enjoy your tidbits on a daily basis? Yeah. It's real simple. Just go to footballarchaeology.com. You can subscribe.

And then, you know, if you subscribe, you get an email with that story every night at seven o'clock Eastern. If you, you know, you don't have to read them right away. They're just; you can let them sit near your inbox and read them on the weekend.

If you don't want to subscribe, you can follow me on Twitter, on threads, or on the Substack app. Or you can just go to the site whenever you feel like it. Excellent.

Well, Tim Brown is his name. Footballarchaeology.com is his website. And you've got all the other information there too.

It's in the show notes of the podcast as well. Tim, thank you for joining us here. And we'll talk to you again next Tuesday.

Yep. And what a long, strange, Trippi it's been. Sorry for my dad jokes.

Transcribed by TurboScribe.ai.

Albert Charles Blozis, known better as "Al," wasn't your average football player. He was a titan of a man, a gentle giant who dominated the gridiron and embodied the spirit of collegiate and professional athletics. His story is one of phenomenal strength, unwavering character, and a tragic twist of fate that left an indelible mark on the world of sports.

Born in Garfield, New Jersey, in 1919, Blozis's athletic prowess blossomed early. He excelled in football and track and field, standing at a towering 6-6 and weighing 245 pounds. At Georgetown University, he became a legend, earning the nickname "Hoya Hercules" for his dominance on the offensive line. He won three consecutive AAU and NCAA shot put titles, setting a world indoor record, and anchored the football team to two undefeated seasons.

In 1942, the NFL beckoned. The New York Giants drafted Blozis, and he quickly made his mark, earning All-Pro honors as a rookie. He was a force to be reckoned with, known for his devastating tackles and ability to clear paths for the Giants' running backs. His athleticism even earned him the nickname "the Human Bulldozer."

But World War II interrupted his burgeoning career. Blozis enlisted in the Army and served with distinction, setting the Army's hand-grenade throwing record with a toss of 94 yards. In 1945, tragedy struck. Just two weeks after arriving in France, Blozis was killed in action, leading a patrol to rescue wounded soldiers.

His death at the age of 26 sent shockwaves through the sports world. The New York Giants named their athletic center in Frankfurt, Germany, after him, and in 1986, he was inducted into the National Football Foundation's College Football Hall of Fame.

John Beckett wasn't your typical football star. His legacy straddles two worlds - the gridiron and the battlefield - etching his name in both athletic and military history. Here's a summary of his remarkable career:

Football Accolades :

-All-around athlete playing tackle, halfback, and punter for the University of Oregon (1913-1916).

-Captain of the 1916 Oregon team, leading them to an undefeated record and a tie for the Pacific Coast Conference championship.

-Named Most Valuable Player of the 1917 Rose Bowl after leading Oregon to victory over Pennsylvania.

-Served as captain of the 1917 Marine Corps team, the only person ever to captain two Rose Bowl teams.

-Inducted into the College Football Hall of Fame in 1972.

Military Service (1917-1967):

-Enlisted in the Marines during his senior year at Oregon, serving with distinction for 50 years.

-Reached the rank of Brigadier General, earning medals for bravery and leadership in World War I, World War II, and the Korean War.

-Commanded the Fifth Marine Regiment during the Battle of Iwo Jima, one of the bloodiest battles in Marine Corps history.

-Coached Marine football teams at various stations, achieving an impressive 56-19-3 record.

John Beckett's career was a testament to human potential. He excelled in athletics, mastered the demands of military service, and led by example on and off the field. His story continues to inspire generations of athletes and soldiers, reminding us that true greatness lies not just in achievements but in the character and spirit with which we pursue them.

Ken Strong's career was a spectacle of unparalleled versatility and dominance, spanning college and professional leagues. His record-breaking college days and championship performance with the New York Giants left an indelible mark on the game, earning him a place in both the College and Pro Football Halls of Fame. His journey wasn't just about football; it was a testament to the power of human potential.

Born August 6, 1906, in West Haven, Connecticut, was Elmer Kenneth "Ken" Strong. His journey to greatness began in high school, where he shone brightly. His exceptional talent was evident with two All-Connecticut selections and his instrumental role in elevating West Haven High to prominence. This was just the start of a career that would leave an indelible mark on American football.

It is reported that his NYU coach Chic Meehan's idea of making games more entertaining for home fans somewhat backfired spectacularly due to Strong. The coach had planned a celebratory cannon blast for every score by his squad but hadn't anticipated the offensive juggernaut that was Ken Strong Jr. Strong, a tireless fullback, racked up points so quickly that the cannoneers struggled to keep up, their gunpowder reserves dwindling under the relentless barrage of touchdowns.

As a college fullback, Ken led the nation in scoring in 1928, amassing a staggering 162 points and over 2,000 rushing yards. His exploits earned him comparisons to the legendary "Red" Grange, a testament to his exceptional speed and power.

This dominance continued in the professional ranks. Many assumed that the NYU connection would place the youngster directly into the Giants fold, but instead, Strong signed with the Staten Island Stapletons in 1929 and played with that club for four seasons until they folded in 1932. Ironically, the Stapes got their NFL charter from Mara and then held the rights to the coveted Ken Strong for all four years of their NFL franchise existence wearing the Number 2 jersey. Tim Mara finally would get his man after financial woes shuttered the doors of the Staten Island squad.

1933, Ken moved across the boroughs to sign a contract with the New York Football Giants. It is as if Giant Strong made his biggest impact on NFL football. Eight of his thirteen seasons in pro ball were recorded with the G-men, helping the franchise secure an NFL title and individually appearing on three All-Pro rosters.

Ken Strong's talent was not confined to a single position. He was a master of versatility, excelling as a halfback, fullback, defensive back, and kicker. This was a rare feat in an era of more specialized roles, and it made him a formidable opponent. His kicking skills, in particular, were legendary. Red Cagle, a College Football Hall of Famer, praised Strong's all-around ability in 1937, saying, "Strong...can do everything. He's a great punter, placekicker, pass thrower, and how he could carry his 198 pounds!" This ability to excel in multiple positions made him a constant threat, keeping opposing teams on their toes.

Strong's accolades speak volumes. He was a four-time All-Pro selection, leading the NFL in scoring during the 1934 season. This year, he also etched his name in history. In the iconic 1934 NFL Championship Game, played on an ice-covered field, Strong's versatility proved pivotal. The iconic contest is remembered in NFL lore as the Sneaker Game because the Giants wore tennis shoes to get better footing on the ice-covered field at the Polo Grounds. Their opponents, the Chicago Bears of George Halas, were heavily favored. In a surprising upset against the undefeated Chicago Bears, the Giants relied on gym shoes and Strong's kicking prowess. He contributed a remarkable 17 points - two touchdowns, two extra points, and a field goal - a record that stood for nearly 30 years. This performance solidified his reputation as a clutch player who could rise to the occasion on the biggest stage.

In a surprise move, Strong jumped to the second edition of the American Football League in 1936 and played for the New York Yankees. When he returned to the Giants in 1939 (after a season of being banished to the Jersey City minor league Giants), he wore #30 instead of his usual #50. He was just a kicking specialist for the remainder of his career. 

Ken Strong's influence on the game extended far beyond his brilliance on the field. His success as a multi-talented player sparked a more flexible approach to player roles. In an era where specialization was becoming increasingly prominent, Strong's versatility was a beacon of innovation, inspiring coaches to consider players with diverse skill sets. His legacy is a powerful reminder of the role adaptability plays in shaping the future of football, a contribution that continues to be appreciated in the sport today.

Even injuries and a brief retirement couldn't keep Ken Strong away from the game he loved. The player shortages during World War II presented an opportunity for the Giants to entice him back in 1944, this time primarily as a kicking specialist. Strong's experience and reliability were invaluable, even at an advanced age for the sport. He continued to play until 1947, displaying remarkable longevity and dedication to the game. He retired from professional football after that '47 season at age 41, leaving a legacy that would endure.

Ken Strong's career transcended statistics and accolades. He embodied the spirit of a true competitor, showcasing dominance and adaptability. His versatility and impact on the game's strategic evolution solidify his place among football's all-time greats. Strong's legacy reminds us of the beauty of a multifaceted player who could change the course of a game with a powerful run, a clutch kick, or a well-timed tackle.

-Basic Bio of Ken Strong

Born August 6, 1906, in West Haven, Connecticut was Halfback/placekicker Elmer Kenneth "Ken" Strong. According to a Yahoo.com article Ken was an All-American at NYU from 1926 through the 1928 season and later was one of the NFL’s early stars. Strong once scored two touchdowns, two extra points, and a field goal in one game to lead the New York Giants to victory in the 1934 NFL Championship Game, remembered in NFL lore as the Sneaker Game because the Giants wore sneakers to get better footing on the ice-covered field at the Polo Grounds. Besides playing with the Giants from 1933 through 1935 and later in the 1940's per the article, Ken also signed with Staten Island Stapletons in 1929 through 1932, the AFL's New York Yankees for the seasons of 1936-37. Ken Strong was a five-time First-team All-Pro as well as a member of the NFL 1930s All-Decade Team. He is the second player in NFL history to devote an entire season to placekicking. Strong’s  jersey No. 50 was retired by the Giants in 1947. He was inducted into the Pro Football Hall of Fame in 1967 and into the Giants Ring of Honor in 2010.

Born June 2, 1895, in Piffard, New York, was Homer “Pop” Hazel, an end and fullback out of Rutgers University in 1916 and in 1923 and 1924 was born. The FootballFoundation.org website explains that Hazel won his first letter in football at Rutgers in 1916. He left school because of a lack of funds therefore he worked at various jobs saved for his future then at age 28, played football again at Rutgers. It was worth the wait for gridiron fans at Rutgers as he was without doubt, the most versatile player the Scarlet ever produced.

Homer led Rutgers to identical 7-1-1 records in his final two seasons, earning All- America selections in each. He played end in 1923, when the only Scarlet loss was from West Virginia by the tune of 27-7. Pop had Rutgers on the way to an unbeaten finish in 1924 - this time as a hard-hitting fullback - when this time Bucknell untracked The Scarlet in the final game of the season, 12-7.

Hazel was also well known for his excellent passing, punting and kicking skills on the gridiron. In 1923 he was a Walter Camp hand picked All-American at end and then the following year he received the same honor as a fullback and was first player to have the distinction of doing that at two different positions. Homer secured a place in the College Football Hall of Fame when he was inducted into the gridiron museum in 1951. Homer later served as Athletic Director as well as the football and basketball coach at the University of Mississippi for five years. Then even was a golf pro for four years.